For instance, flares of symptom narrow dose range. Regarding optimal dosing for these wavelengths, the follow- trials, the necrotic area after snake venom injection was reduced ing lower limits and medians for doses and irradiation times have after LLLT. The median value for laser mean optical output volume after soft tissue injury in all five animal studies. Lower limits for anti-inflammatory effects were found to be 0. The anti-inflammatory studies reported significantly better anti-inflammatory effects effect was measured within the first 3 days after experimental when doses were equal, but they were delivered with longer irradi- injury, and studies included the NSAIDs indomethacin,13 meloxi- ation times in a model of zymosan-induced arthritis.
There are mixed results for the comparison between the Discussion anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoid steroids dexametha- sone and LLLT. Dexamethasone anti-inflammatory effects were In our most recent review we found consistent anti-inflammatory not significantly different from those of LLLT in two studies,63,65 effects from LLLT in 43 out of 44 controlled laboratory trials.
NSAID diclofenac 1. Figure 5. They were equally effective and significantly better than the placebo control. Animal studies are also used to 0. At present there is very limited evidence for the their patients from failures after steroid injection therapy. Typically, studies with non-significant effects were underdosed There is strong evidence that red and infrared LLLT exhibits a with doses below 0.
The effect can be compromised if LLLT is combined The available evidence can tell us something about the areas with glucocorticoid steroids, which have a negative interaction where LLLT has clinical potential.
Most red and infrared LLLT is administered with combination with active exercise or manual therapy to control mean laser outputs ranging from 10 to mW and irradiation possible inflammatory responses to loading of joints, muscles, times from 20 to 60 seconds, and doses between 0. Technically speaking, patients. Extrapolating An angled adapter for the laser probe tip should be consid- these results into clinical practice where larger areas need to be ered when performing some intraoral procedures.
Several studies devices have this option Fig. Ann Rheum Dis ; — Eur J Pain ; — Arch Phys Med Rehabil ; — Pain ; Mid-laser treatment of inflammation experimentally induced with formaldehyde.
Med Laser Rep ; 3: 19— Therapeutic effect of Ga-Al-As diode laser irradiation on experimentally induced inflam- The practical use of LLLT is easy once the optimal dose and mation in rats. Experimental study of the effects of helium-neon by a properly trained dental assistant. It is important to laser radiation on repair of injured tendon. Meta-analysis of pain relief effects by laser irradia- tion on joint areas.
Low level laser treatment of tendinopathy: A systematic review is an effective and safe therapy. Photomed Laser Surg ; 3— An update on the pathogenesis and epidemiology of osteoarthritis. Radiol Clin North Am ; 1—9, v. Implications for treatment? Curr Drug Targets RA. Low Level Laser Therapy in acute pain: a systematic review ; 3: 43— Tennis elbow in primary care. Photomed Laser Surg ; ; — Pain ; 45— Biochemicals associated with Photochem Photobiol ; — A randomised, placebo active myofascial trigger points.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil ; controlled trial of low level laser therapy for activated Achilles 16— Efficacy and side effects glandin E2 concentrations. Br J Sports Med ; 76— Some conservative syndrome of the upper trapezius. J Pain Symptom Management strategies are effective when added to controlled mobilisation with ; — Molecular mechanisms of cell proliferation induced Physiother ; 7— J Biomed Sci ; 4. Low-level laser therapy for acute postoperative pain in adults. Photomed Laser Surg ; 33— Low-level laser irradiation modulates back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American matrix metalloproteinase activity and gene expression in porcine College of Physicians and the American Pain Society.
Ann Intern Med aortic smooth muscle cells. Lasers Surg Med ; — ; — Survey stimulates mitochondrial membrane potential and disperses subnu- of chronic pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life, and clear promyelocytic leukemia protein. Lasers Surg Med ; treatment. Low level laser ; 29— Low energy laser phil influx and IL-1beta levels in airway and lung from rat subjected irradiation fails to modulate the inflammatory function of human to LPS-induced inflammation.
Inflammation ; — J Clin Laser Med Surg ; — Effect of low intensity helium-neon HeNe laser irradi- irradiation in stretched human periodontal ligament cells.
J Dent ation on experimental paracoccidioidomycotic wound healing Res ; — Low-energy diode laser irradiation in experimental arthritis of rats irradiated with HeNe laser. J Clin reduced plasminogen activator activity in human periodontal Laser Med Surg ; 79— Effect of low-level laser therapy in the inflammatory mental study.
Neurol Res ; — Analgesic Effect of ; — He-Ne Anti-Inflammatory effects of pain. A clinical study on serum induced pleurisy in rat. He-Ne laser on microcrystal- inflammatory cell migration in mice with lipopolysaccharide- line arthropathies.
J Clin Laser Med Surg ; 99— Spontaneous effects of low-level laser therapy nm in and lung in the rat. K, Ishikawa I. Low-level laser therapy decreases levels of lung gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res ; — Int Immunopharmacol ; 8: — A histologic paw subjected to carrageenan-induced inflammation after low level assessment of the influence of low-intensity laser therapy on wound laser therapy. Inflamm Res ; — Alves MT. Impact of low level laser irradiation on infarct size in the expression in 5-fluorouracil-induced oral mucositis in hamsters: rat following myocardial infarction.
Int J Cardiol ; — Attenuation of infarct size in rats ; — Low-energy laser irradiation leukin-1 stimulated myofibroblasts. Laser Ther ; 88— Irradiation with nm and dogs. Circulation ; — Effect of low-level laser nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages: impli- therapy in the myonecrosis induced by Bothrops jararacussu snake cations for the prevention of aneurysm progression.
Lasers Surg venom. Inhibition of interleukin-1beta Effects of the Ga-As laser irradiation on myonecrosis caused by production and gene expression in human gingival fibroblasts by Bothrops Moojeni snake venom. Low level light effects on inflammatory cytokine production by laser radiation nm on carrageenan induced rat paw ooedema. J Photochem Photobiol B ; — Induced Arthritis. Photomed Clin J Pain ; — Laser Surg ; — The relative effects of JM.
Effects of low-level laser therapy and eccentric exercises in the HeNe laser and meloxicam on experimentally induced inflamma- treatment of recreational athletes with chronic achilles tendinopa- tion. Laser Ther ; 36— Am J Sports Med ; — Efficacy of zymosan-induced arthritis in rats: Importance of illumination time.
Effect of low-level treatment controlled trials. Randomized controlled trial in rat lungs. Effect of equal daily doses OA of the hand. Double-blind nm on open skin wound healing in normal and corticosteroid- randomized controlled trial of low-level laser therapy in carpal treated rats. Muscle Nerve ; — Lateral epicondylalgia tennis elbow : Report pharmacodynamics of systemically administered glucocorticoids. Measurement of the injuries of the ankle: A critical review.
Clin J Sports Med ; 5: penetration depths of red and near infrared light in human "ex vivo" — J Photochem Photobiol B ; 90— J Athl Train analysis. Histological studies on the and the risk of hospitalization for first myocardial infarction in the rheumatoid synovial membrane irradiated with a low energy laser. Eur Heart J ; — Effect of low-level laser therapy GaAs nm in P. Lateral epicondylitis in general practice: course and prognostic skeletal muscle fatigue and biochemical markers of muscle damage indicators of outcome.
J Rheumatol ; — Eur J Appl Physiol ; — Effect of low-level an evidence based approach to the management of knee oste- laser Ga-Al-As nm on skeletal muscle fatigue induced by oarthritis: Report of a Task Force of the Standing Committee for electrical stimulation in rats. J Appl Physiol ; — Physical Ther Rev ; — A systematic review with meta-analysis of the effect of skeletal muscle recovery in athletes. Effect of cluster mucositis. Support Care Cancer ; — Photomed humans. Laser Surg ; 61— Chapter 6.
As diode technology developed, the output would therefore lead to reduced transmission of noxious sig- power of laser devices increased from the early 1-mW devices naling and hence to reduced pain.
Near and far infrared wavelengths were widely Slowing of conduction velocity and decrease in action poten- adopted and used for their direct analgesic effects.
Pulsed, defo- tial amplitudes reflecting inhibition of electrophysiological cused ablative lasers such as CO2 and Nd:YAG lasers have more activity was demonstrated in a review of laser effects on nerves. Prior to invasive procedures such as pre-extraction5 pain syndromes, such as TMD dysfunction and treatment of or immediately postoperatively, laser significantly reduces acute trigger points. For example, a red In a more complex study involving prior to endodontic surgery8 reduced postoperative pain.
In a similar human model and in line with the findings and herpes simplex15,16 represent a range of disparate conditions of Wakabayashi et al. In each of these laser irradiation suppressed somatosensory trigeminal evoked clinical scenarios there is a complex mix of pathophysiology of potentials amplitudes but not latencies by intraoral irradiation inflammation, muscle pain, and peripheral nerve sensitization. In contrast to the other studies cited, this Understanding the mechanism of analgesia enables more effec- study used pulsed HeNe 1.
Of particular interest, these effects occurred at 10 neural inhibition provides a plausible mechanism for analgesic and 20 minutes, which is the same time frame reported by Yan effects. Trigeminal subnucleus caudalis. Figure 6. The pulp of the lower incisor was electrically stimulated and the evoked action potentials were extracellularly recorded in the ipsilateral caudal neurons. The GaAlAs semiconductor laser was irradiated on the cervical surface of the stimulated incisor toward the tooth pulp Wakabayashi et al.
Reproduced with permission of John Wiley and Sons. These findings pro- vide strong evidence that transcutaneous laser can inhibit nerve conduction in underlying nerves.
Such inhibitory effects do not provide direct evidence for analgesia; however, Chan and Armati26 established direct correlation between neural blockade and pain relief. Moreover, these analgesic effects were b ms equivalent to the analgesic EMLA. This is strong evidence for Figure 6. Of particular relevance to the analgesic effects of laser is the As an example, action potentials in nociceptors induced by mechanical and thermal noxious stimuli were blocked by laser irradiation.
Neurogenic inflammation, in particular, rons. This sug- release of pro-inflammatory neuropeptides, such as substance P, gests that varicosity formation may be a common mechanism bradykinin, and prostaglandin E2 PGE2 from nerve endings. This response in acute injury causes peripheral nerve sensitiza- tion, adding further to the cascade of pain and inflammation.
Central sensitization and persistent pain can then follow. Laser-induced neural blockade initiates a cascade of events in the peripheral nerve endings in the skin and dermis with impor- tant clinical consequences. The most immediate effect is pain Mechanisms for inhibitory effects relief, which occurs within a few minutes of LLLT application and is consistent with the experimental findings of the timing of The anatomy of individual neurons is very different from that of onset of conduction blockade in sensory nerves.
The important compact cells such as fibroblasts and may underlie their specific clinical consequence for the patient is reduced drug intake, sensitivity to laser irradiation.
An axon is the elongated cell body improved mobility, and reduced anxiety. It extends distally from its cell body which lies within the tization, which reduces the intensity of local inflammatory dorsal root ganglia DRG and in proximity to the spinal cord at response and axon reflexes, limiting vasodilation and swelling each spinal level. The trigeminal ganglion is equivalent to the in acute injury and inflammation.
Sensory fibers termi- laser irradiation of skin and mucosa; however, subsequent nate as fine, unmyelinated nerve endings in skin or mucosa, while central effects occur in the proximal nerve and the dorsal horn the proximal, short portion of the neuron enters the dorsal horn. ATP, the source of regulation of synaptic transmission at the spinal cord level, energy for all cells, is transported in ATP-rich mitochondria via which can limit the progression of acute to chronic pain.
This is anterograde fast axonal flow FAF along the cytoskeleton by important in understanding how laser irradiation can modulate molecular motors, kinesins, from the cell body. Illustrative of these thesis of proteins, neurotransmitters, and ATP occurs in the cell is a study where nm laser irradiation to the root pulp body.
Retrograde flow of depleted mitochondria occurs by blocked electrical activity in the trigeminal nucleus. When the cytoskel- neuron experiment, bradykinin applied to the axon generated eton is disrupted, FAF and hence transport of mitochondria and an action potential in the cell body, in a separate chamber. For example, as the ATP-requiring enzyme blocked the action potentials in the cell body.
Other mechanisms of analgesia understanding the application of LLLT, it is ultimately the appli- cation in practice which will reinforce and assist in progressing In any clinical situation where laser is transmitted, scattered, and the use of LLLT in medicine and dentistry. In this context, it is relevant to note that not all analgesic effects are related directly to neural inhibition. Laser effects on vital dental pulps. Alteration in the release of neurotransmitters that are associ- Br Dent J ; 1 : 26— Laser applications in medicine and biology: a human experiments.
Appl Optics ; 16 1 : Lasers trigger points22; endorphins in skin are also increased with laser Surg Med ; 4 3 : — Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Pulsed Nd:YAG laser induces conditions. J Dent Res ; 91 7 form the pulsatile lymphagion and increase uptake of interstitial Suppl : 79SS. The effects of the helium-neon strated. In addition, lymphogenesis, in which new lymphatics are laser on postsurgical discomfort: a pilot study. J Can Dent Assoc formed, increases the capacity to reduce swelling in the long term.
Postoperative analgesia after lower third nisms which reduce muscle pain and spasm, such as occurs with molar surgery: contribution of the use of long-acting local anes- TMD. Direct laser-induced blockade of amplitude and latencies thetics, low-power laser, and diclofenac.
Studies of laser gery - a randomized double blind clinical study. Int J Oral Maxillofac irradiation on the neuromuscular junction end-plate potentials Surg ; 33 1 : 38— Evaluation of low-level laser derness and pain by treatment of trigger points.
Low intensity laser application in temporomandib- ular disorders: a phase I double-blind study. Cranio ; 25 3 : threshold in the non-treated contralateral trigger points 15 min- — Laser therapy for pain of trigeminal neuralgia.
Clin J Pain within 10—20 minutes. Moreover, the response on the contralat- ; 3 4 : — Can low reactive level laser therapy be used second-order neurons in the spinal cord affecting the same seg- in the treatment of neurogenic facial pain? A double blind placebo ment. It also suggests that care must be taken when using the controlled investigation of patients with trigeminal neuralgia. Laser contralateral side of the body as a control in randomized con- Ther ; 8 4 : — J Am Dent Assoc ; 6 : 51— LLLT as an evidence-based treatment for myofascial pain.
The effect of nm low laser therapy on herpes simplex type 1. Photomed Laser Surg ; 30 1 : Low-intensity laser therapy is an effective Future directions for laser use in pain relief treatment for recurrent herpes simplex infection.
Results from a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Innervation of the human epidermis. A historical review. While neural mechanisms are important in Ital J Neurol Sci ; 20 1 : 63— Effect of helium—neon Pathology and quantitation of cutaneous innervation.
In: Dyck P, laser on cultured human macrophages. Laser Ther ; 10 4 : Thomas P eds. Peripheral Neuropathy, 4 edn. Philadelphia: W. B — Saunders, Introduction to pain mechanisms - implica- inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther ; 3 : — In: Cousins M, Bridenbaugh P , eds.
Molecular motors in neurons: Neural Blockade in Clinical Anesthesia. Philadelphia: Lippincott- transport mechanisms and roles in brain function, development, Raven, — Neuron ; 68 4 : — Molecular motors, beauty in complexity. Molecular motors: A staggering giant. Nature Surg ; 29 6 : — Effects infrared nm laser irradiation on somatosensory and compound of nm Gallium Aluminium Garsenide diode laser radiation on muscle action potentials in rat sciatic nerve: implications for laser- rat saphenous nerve sodium-potassium-adenosine triphosphatase induced analgesia.
J Peripher Nerv Syst ; 16 2 : — Laser Ther ; 6 3 : — Pain scores and side effects in blocks fast axonal flow in small and medium diameter rat dorsal response to low level laser therapy LLLT for myofascial trigger root ganglion neurons: implications for the analgesic effects of points. Laser Ther ; 9 2 : 67— J Peripher Nerv Syst ; 12 1 : 28— Neurite irradiation by semiconductor laser on responses evoked in elongation from cultured dorsal root ganglia is inhibited by trigeminal caudal neurons by tooth pulp stimulation.
Laser Surg Ga-Al-As diode laser irradiation. Laser Life Sci ; 5 4 : — Med ; 13 6 : — Somatosensory trigeminal evoked potential nonmyelinated fibres in the rat peroneal nerve: a quantitative ultra- amplitudes following low-level laser and sham irradiation over structural analysis. Exp Neurol ; 2 : — Laser Ther ; 60— Pulsed Nd:YAG laser induces pulpal analgesia: a transmembrane cytoskeletal control of mobility and distribution of randomized clinical trial. Effects of local anaesthetics on cell irradiation on multiple unit discharges induced by noxious stimuli morphology and membrane-associated cytoskeletal organization in in the anesthetized rabbit.
J Cell Biol ; — The possible analgesic reloaded: a salience detection system for the body. Prog Neurobiol effect of soft-laser irradiation on heat nociceptors in the cat tongue. Arch Oral Biol ; 33 9 : — Laser irradiation abates and back. Exp Brain Res ; 1 : 1— Persistent pain as a disease entity: implica- Brain Res Bull ; 34 4 : — Anesth Analg ; 99 2 : — Suppressive effects of low- laser irradiation on neural impulse propagation: II. Dorsal Roots power laser irradiation on bradykinin evoked action potentials in and Peripheral Nerves.
Neurosci Lett ; 2 : 81— Cord dorsum potentials non-myelinated axons in rat peroneal nerve. Soc Neurosci Abstr suppressed by low power laser irradiation on a peripheral nerve in ; J Clin Laser Med Surg ; 11 3 : — Laser Ther ; 9 1 : 33— Acupunct Electrother Res ; 19 2—3 : — Relief from chronic pain by low power laser irradiation.
The effects of Neurosci Lett ; 43 2—3 : — J Clin Laser Med Surg ; 10 2 : 91— Morphological demonstration of low reactive laser in patients with myofascial pain syndrome. A controlled trial. Laser Ther ; 1 1 : 23— Effect of light on calcium uptake by gide on the analgesic effects of low-level laser in an experimental macrophages. Laser Ther ; 2: 53— Revista Brasileira Anestesiol ; 60 3 : — The effect of a combined HeNe and I.
Effects of helium- on the regeneration of the lymphatic system during the process of neon laser irradiation on skin resistance and pain with trigger wound healing. Lasers Med Sci ; 6 : — Physical Ther ; — Evaluation mastectomy lymphedema with low-level laser therapy: a dou- of low intensity laser therapy in myofascial pain syndrome.
Cranio ble-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Cancer ; 98 6 : — Effects of the changes induced by low power nm diode laser irradiation on the infrared laser therapy at treated and non-treated trigger points. Lasers Surg Med ; 35 3 : — Acupunct Electro-ther Res Int J ; 9— Global nm diode laser irradiation on the neuromuscular junctions of Year against Musculoskeletal Pain October - October the mouse diaphragm. Lasers Surg Med ; 34 3 : — Myofascial Pain. IASP, Chronic April ].
Arch Physical Med Rehab ; — Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in dentistry Felipe F. Sperandio,1,2,3 Caetano P. Introduction possible range of microbial agents: bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites.
Studies on the use of PDT for treatment of oral and dental infections are increasing in Photosensitizers number. The particular features of this non-invasive method and the increased antibiotic resistance amongst many species The optimal structures of PS for killing various classes of of pathogenic bacteria suggest PDT as an alternative or an pathogenic microorganisms has been studied in some detail. Gram-negative bacteria have a double membrane can transition to a long-lived triplet state that can then undergo structure that is a more effective permeability barrier.
However, electron transfer with oxygen type I reaction generating all microorganisms have an overall anionic charge on the cell superoxide and hydroxyl radicals; or can transfer energy to surface that is more pronounced than that found on host molecular oxygen to produce highly cytotoxic singlet oxygen mammalian cells.
Methylene blue MB;. Glycocalyx limitations of manual curettage or ultrasound have been shown in areas that are difficult to access, such as bifurcations and Gram-positive bacteria Peptidoglycan concavities. Likewise, the rapid emergence of antibiotic resis- Cytoplasmic tance among pathogenic bacteria has led to a growing interest Membrane in finding alternatives to antimicrobial therapy.
In addition, hard tissue loss may cause increased Inner sensitivity of treated teeth to evaporative, tactile, thermal, and membrane Cytoplasm osmotic stimuli. LPS, samples. Prevotella was shown. In O 2 the same study, BLC was shown not to suppress bacteria. Type I and reducing bone loss caused by experimental periodontitis in Type II photochemical mechanisms operate from photosensitizer PS immunosuppressed rats. PDT in the treatment of periodontal disease.
Ondine Biopharma, Canada has been approved as a potent These findings demonstrated that the treatment of chronic peri- PDT drug for local treatment of periodontal diseases because odontitis by PDT led to a specific decrease of antigen-presenting of its relatively low toxicity and high singlet oxygen genera- cell populations according to the drug delivery system.
Toluidine blue O TBO; Denfotex, UK and HELBO The incomplete eradication of biofilm microorganisms Photodynamic Systems, Austria is used as an adjunct in the observed in periodontal diseases could be due to restricted pen- diagnosis of oral cancer and when photoactivated is also indi- etration of the PS in oral biofilms46 or the ability of bacterial cated for periodontitis, endodontic infections, and caries. The results suggested that PLGA nanoparticles have the potential to be used as nanocarri- The presence of microorganisms on the dental surfaces is one ers of MB, to increase diffusion into biofilms, and to help release of the predisposing factors for the development of oral diseases.
They showed a greater Mechanical removal of biofilm combined with antibiotics is the PDT bacterial killing, but more studies are necessary to define current standard treatment for periodontitis; however, the the physical characteristics of the nanoparticles.
Endodontic therapy. Enterococcus faecalis is the pathogen most commonly associated with current endodontic infections54 and several studies have been carried out to evaluate the effect of toluidine blue55,56 a b and methylene blue56—58 with PDT in endodontic treatment. In this study, Garcez et al. Herpes keratitis was extracted teeth. Gram-negative bacteria are harder to kill than healed by proflavine photodynamic viral inactivation,71 and the Gram-positive species.
The combined therapies reduced the topical application of methylene blue and neutral red eradicated bacterial charge and interestingly, the bacterial regrowth genital herpes but could not prevent its recurrence. The PS needs to enter the fungal cell to be effective, that begins with prodromal signs or symptoms, such as burning unlike for bacterial cells where the PS may only need to bind or swelling, leading to the development of vesicles and further to the cell membrane.
Figure 7. Recently, Mima The outcome of the vesicle states of the disease was better et al. The results suggested that both treatments, in C.
An earlier study described the dose-dependent photoeradica- affected tissues are encouraged to remineralize after microbial tion of C. Guglielmi et al. Caries The rapid introduction and growing acceptance of antimicrobial PDT for the treatment of periodontitis can be considered a good Classified as pandemic by the World Health Organization, omen for its application in other dental infections.
It is a multifactorial condition resulting from several overcoming the relatively conservative assessment that clinicians possible interactions between the host and the oral microflora. Furthermore, A pH imbalance acid is generally caused by the fermentation PDT may be considered too complicated, requiring both the of metabolites of bacterial species mainly streptococci and lac- application of a dye and the use of a separate light source. The tobacilli organized as consortiums in a biofilm structure on the growing number of papers on PDT for periodontitis appearing tooth surface.
This acid production increases the solubility of not only in the general dental journals but also in the popular hydroxyapatite in the tooth dentin, enabling microbial infiltra- scientific press will bring it to the attention of both dentists and tion into the dentin and promoting deeper lesions, further patients alike, and the latter will begin to specifically request the demineralization, and pulpal infection.
The change in emphasis towards minimally invasive proce- dures in modern dentistry places antimicrobial PDT in a prom- Acknowledgments ising position. Microbiological and optical coherence 1 Mroz P.
Norwood, MA: Artech House; Drug discovery of antimicro- of demineralization without any further mechanical or chemical bial photosensitizers using animal models.
Curr Pharm Des ; procedures. Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial inside the oral cavity of human volunteers for 7 days and irri- approach to infectious disease? Photochem Photobiol Sci ; 3: gated by sucrose solution 10 times a day were studied to deter- — Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of microbial infections: basic principles and perspective microorganisms.
Drug discovery of antimicro- tococci and lactobacilli species employing TBO solution bial photosensitizers using animal models.
Photodynamic therapy for traditional restorative treatments in order to preserve the pulpal root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis. Photomed Laser Surg integrity by decreasing the volume of removed dentin once ; — Effect of nonsurgical periodontal photoactivated disinfection using a conventional light source: an in therapy.
Severely advanced periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol ; vitro and ex vivo study. Endod ; — Photodynamic therapy for features of cervical dentine sensitivity. J Oral Rehabil ; endodontic disinfection. Prevalence and distribution of films using a light-activated antimicrobial agent.
J Antimicrob cervical dentine hypersensitivity in a population in Rio de Janeiro, Chemother ; — Clinical evaluation disinfection by photodynamic therapy using curcumin. Photomed of pulp and dentine sensitivity after supragingival and subgingival Laser Surg ; 96— Endod Dent Traumatol ; 7: — Dentinal tubule occlusion and root hypersensitivity.
J Periodontol ; — Dentine hyper- MR. Photodynamic inactivation of bacteria using polyethyleni- sensitivity-into the 21st century. Root-dentin sensitivity — Download Latency Optimizer 4. Reddit gives you the best of the internet in one place The perfect tool for reducing the high latency you might experience when playing online games and using online applications. In many cases high latency is caused by the lack of periodical operating system services, and by improperly configured internet, registry and network device settings..
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